STONEBWOY, HERE IS SOME REGGAE EDUCATION 101

Jamaica’s first National Hero, The Right Honorable Marcus Mosiah Garvey, ON; is on record stating “If you haven't confidence in self, you are twice defeated in the race of life. With confidence, you have won even before you have started.” In many quarters, it appears that Jamaicans have lost this confidence that Garvey spoke about. For how else any thinking person could explain Jamaicans agreeing with Ghanian Reggae/Dancehall artist Stonebwoy’s declaration in an interview with the CableLifestyle Newspaper that "Reggae doesn’t belong to any Caribbean society from its core and that it belongs to Africans." One wonders where that socially conscious, culturally educated Jamaican not defending their own culture, and siding with the views of one who is benefitting from appropriating that culture? Jamaica needs to seriously invest in the cultural education of its people. WHY OUR MUSIC IS A SOURCE OF PRIDE It is not the first time that a “big-name” African artiste have made this claim. In 1992, the late South African Reggae Artiste Lucky Dube reportedly claimed that "people would say reggae is Jamaican, but that is not true. It has only been popularized in Jamaica, but it is not Jamaican as such. Reggae is everywhere, but its roots are in Africa." It is one thing that these privileged individuals would make such a claim, after all, it is their opinion. It is quite another matter when others, especially Jamaicans are prepared to give credence to such rubbish. Such uninformed views flies in the face of the fact that Jamaica sits proudly among the company of a handful of countries that are the most culturally influential in the world. For a small country with a population of less than three million people, Jamaica culturally punches significantly above its weight as it is one of a handful of countries that has successfully exported its culture around the world. It is for this reason that on June 5, 2019, the United Nations Scientific and Educational Council (UNESCO) added Reggae Music to a list of international cultural treasures, meaning that the United Nations deemed it worthy of protection and promotion. This followed the designation by the same United Nations four years earlier of Jamaica’s capital city Kingston as a Creative Music City after recognizing its contribution of six genres of music to the world. This makes the island a global cultural powerhouse and provides every Jamaican with a reason to walk with our heads held high and our chests protruding with pride, especially when they hear a sliver of the island’s music.

HOW OUR CULTURAL INFLUENCE WAS SHAPED It is generally accepted that music is a continuum moving across cultures and as it moves it absorbs elements from each of the spaces through which it passes. The practitioners in each of those spaces' overlays that music with the experiences that are germane to that location. Jamaica is no different and at its earliest, Jamaican music would have been that of the indigenous Arawaks who occupied the island before the Portuguese and the Spanish set foot in the 15th century. The Africans came in the late 16th century, as did the British who conquered the island in the 1665. All these people brought with them, elements of their own cultures creating a melting-pot of influences that survived into the post slavery period. By the time recorded music came into existence around 1888, the seeds of Jamaica's own music would have been germinating. By the time Jamaicans started the recording of music in 1951, its earliest stylings were Mento drawn from the Spanish occupation and tinged with the Haitian Creole and other Caribbean stylings. While the instrumental accompaniments were primarily acoustic the instruments were largely handmade and included the Banjo, Rhumba-box, Shakers, the Flute, or bamboo fife. Most of these instruments came with the colonists. The shipped Africans created their instruments in enslavement and yes, much of the African heritage that travelled to the island melded with the other influences that helped to shape Jamaica’s cultural identity, including the music.

THE BIRTH OF REGGAE In the late 1940s the music that Jamaicans were listening to was imported via shortwave radio- American Jazz, Blues complemented by homegrown Mento. What we know as Reggae music came into existence in and around 1968, drawn largely from the Ska beat which was influenced by the American Jazz and R&B, and the American R&B influenced Rock-Steady. Reggae itself was not simply a sound, but the stories of a struggling people who found solace in putting their stories to music. Therefore, Reggae grew on a global scale in the way it did because for the first time, underprivileged people in Jamaica had a voice, and that voice was Reggae. It was a voice that disregarded every attempt by the authorities to suppress it. It was the voice of our youth, and it would escape the confines of our shores, permeate the borders of the United Kingdom, the USA, and Europe where its power was recognized as it spoke to the dispossessed everywhere, including the far reaches of Africa.

REGGAE COMES TO AFRICA Reggae music was introduced into Africa in the 1970s and 1980s, complements of Jamaican singers such as Bob Marley, Jimmy Cliff, and Peter Tosh as they toured the world apace. This Reggae music was well-received all around the world, but in Africa, it was spectacular and was well-received by the people. Since then, Reggae music has become a household genre and many artists started venturing into the genre. But the first-ever hit reggae song by an African was Sunny Okosun’s Fire in Soweto which was released in 1978. Many other bands followed suit, and in no time, reggae became one of Africa’s most popular musical genres in the late 1970s. Africa and its Diaspora represents one of the largest ethnic markets in the world for Jamaican popular music. In fact, in the 1970s and the 1980s the continent was the largest boot-legger of Jamaican music. It would suit not only the Ghanian Stonebwoy, but also the legions of uninformed Jamaicans to learn this history before they buy into this uneducated talk of Reggae and African roots. It should not be so easy for a people to disown such an important element of their culture and in effect pander to views expressed by people who are similarly uninformed. The fact is that Reggae and Dancehall music are two of Jamaica’s most precious gems, and the strength and value of these genres are such that they have now recolonized Africa. Smart thinkers should now be looking at how the country can mine the fullest benefits of these treasures from its cultural arsenal both at home and abroad. After all, as Tony Rebel stated- “A Reggae Put Jamaica Pon Top”